長(zhǎng)春理工大學(xué)

Definition of language; properties and design features of language; definition of linguistics; scope of linguistics; some important distinctions in linguistics: traditional vs modern linguistics; descriptive vs prescriptive grammar; langue vs parole; competence vs performance; synchronic vs diachronic linguistics; speech vs writing; functions of language(s).

2. Phonetics and Phonology

Definition of phonetics; organs of speech; place and manners of articulation; broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English vowels and consonants; definition of phonology; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, distinctive features; minimal pair and sets; some rules in phonology like sequential rules, assimilation rules, and deletion rules; suprasegmental features.

3. Morphology

Definition of morphology; free and bound morphemes; derivational vs and inflectional morphones; morphological rules; morphs and allomorphs; ways of word-formation.

4. Syntax

Word classes; paradigmatic relation and syntagmatic relation; immediate constituent analysis; endocentric construction and exocentric construction; transformational generative grammar; systemic functional grammar; labeled and bracketed sentences; syntactic movement and movement rules; general principles and parameters of Universal Grammar; deep and surface structure; recursiveness; labeled tree diagrams.

5. Semantics

Definition of semantics; some views concerning the study of meaning; semantic triangle; sense and reference; seven types of meaning; semantic field; major sense relations of words; major sense relations of sentences; componential analysis; predication analysis.

6. Pragmatics

Definition of pragmatics; context; sentence meaning versus utterance meaning; speech act theory; principles of conversation; cooperative principle and its maxims; conversational implicatures; politeness principle; deixis; conversational analysis.

7. Socio-linguistics / Language and Society

Speech community and speech variety; regional and social dialects; idiolect; register; standard and non-standard language; lingua franca, pidgins, and creoles; diglossia and bilingualism; slang, linguistic taboo, and euphemism; code switching.

8. Language and Culture

Relationship of language and culture; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; understanding the relationship between language and thought.

9. Historical Linguistics

The purpose and significance of historical linguistics; the nature and causes of language change; major periods in the history of English; linguistic change of English; language family

10. First and Second Language Acquisition

Language learning and language acquisition; the stages of first language acquisition; language transfer; interlanguage and fossilization; contrastive analysis, error analysis; comprehensive input; critical period hypothesis; individual learner factors

四、參考書目:

1.《新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》(第二版)，戴煒棟，上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社。

第二部分：“英美概況”

一、考試目的：

考察學(xué)生的綜合人文素質(zhì)及語(yǔ)言使用情況。

二、考試要求：

要求考生掌握英美國(guó)家的基本概況，包括地理、歷史、社會(huì)、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化傳統(tǒng)及語(yǔ)言的使用等諸方面的情況。

三、考試題型和考試內(nèi)容

1.填空題：本題一般針對(duì)英美國(guó)家概況中的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，主要考察考生對(duì)英美國(guó)家的社會(huì)、歷史、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等方面的常識(shí)的把握情況。

2.名詞解釋：本題考察考生對(duì)英美國(guó)家概況中的重要?dú)v史事件、重要運(yùn)動(dòng)、重要概念等方面的準(zhǔn)確把握。

3.簡(jiǎn)答題：要求考生對(duì)英美國(guó)家的政治制度、歷史發(fā)展或者社會(huì)變革等方面的重要問(wèn)題進(jìn)行闡述。

考試內(nèi)容(供參考)

Britain

Section One The Country and the People

Full name and four countries of Britain.

Topography of Britain: highland zone and lowland zone

The highest point: Ben Nevis

The Backbone of England: The Pennines

Climate and Weather

Mild and changeable

Factors influencing climate and weather

Inland Water

Thames River

Lake District

People and languages:

the native Celts, Celtic language

Anglo-Saxons, English.

The development of English: three major periods (Old English, Middle English, Modern English)

Religion

The Holy Bible: Old Testament, New Testament

Established churches: Church of England (Anglican Church) and Church of Scotland (Presbyterian)

Section Two The British Government

Constitutional monarchy: the monarch reigns, but does not rule.

The Monarch

2.1 Function of the monarch

2.2 Significance of the monarch

2.3 Royal palaces

Parliament: legislative branch

The structure of the Parliament

The House of Lords and noble titles

The House of Commons

3.2 The function of the Parliament

4. The government: executive branch

4.1 Parliamentary government

4.2 Three-tier system of the British government

Section Three Politics and Law

1. Two-party system

1.1 Conservative party

1.2 Labor party

2. Elections: parliamentary election

3. Elements of the British law

4. Legal profession: barristers and solicitors

Section Four National economy and Cities

1. Economic system and structure

2. British Disease and Thatcher’s prescription

3. Main industries in Britain

4. The capital city of Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Section Five cultural and Social Life

Class structure: upper, middle and working class

Newspaper in Britain: quality paper and tabloid paper

Education:

Compulsory education

Secondary education: public schools, grammar schools, secondary modern schools and comprehensive secondary schools

GCSE and A Level

Higher education: Oxbridge, Open University

Britain as a welfare state (from-cradle-to-grave social welfare program)

NHS

Social security program

Personal social service

History

1. Origin of the English Nation

The native Celts: Stonehenge & Celtic language

The Roman invasion

The Anglo-Saxons Conquest: Heptarchy

The Norman Conquest (1066)

2. The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament

2.1 Henry II’s Reforms: The Reform of Administration and Justice

2.2 King John and the Great Charter

2.3 Beginning of Parliament

3. Decline of Feudalism in England

3.1 The Hundred Years’ War.

3.2 The Black Death

3.3 The peasant uprising

3.4 The Wars of the Roses

4. The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie

4.1 Henry VIII and reform of the church

4.2 Golden age of Elizabeth I

4.3 Renaissance

5.Bourgeois Revolution

5.1 James I: Gunpowder plot, King James Bible, Jamestown, Mayflower Journey

5.2 Charles I: the short Parliament and the long Parliament

5.3 Cromwell: New Model Army, Lord Protector

5.4 Glorious Revolution in 1688

6. The Industrial Revolution and Chartist Movement

6.1 Background of the Industrial Revolution:

6.2 Process of the Industrial Revolution

6.3 Influence of the Industrial Revolution

6.4 The Chartist Movement

6.5 Victoria Age

7. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire

7.1 Foreign expansion

7.2 British empire

7.3 British Commonwealth

America

Section One The United States and Its Natural Conditions

Names and position

Topography: the Appalachians & the Rockies

Rivers and lakes

Mississippi River

Rio Grande River

Potomac River

The Great Lakes

Section Two American People

1. The composition of the population

2. The Indians

3. Immigration into America

4. Melting pot & Mosaic

Section Three Government and Politics

1. Three government principles

2. Separation of power

The legislative branch

Main functions of Congress

The Senate

The House of Representatives

2.2. The executive branch

Powers of the U.S. president

General election: the winner-gets-all policy

2.3. The judicial branch

3. comment on check and balance system

Section Four National Economy

Factors contributing to the development of American industries

Economic system

Types of businesses

Main industries

Section Five Culture and Holidays

1. Traditional American values and beliefs

2. Holidays and Festivals

3. American education

4. Social welfare

History

Section One Native Indians and the Thirteen English-American Colonies

1. Contribution of Christopher Columbus

Founding of colonies

three kinds of colonies

Jamestown in 1607

Plymouth in 1620

Mayflower Compact

Section Two The War of Independence

1. Causes and consequences of the French and Indian War

2. The First Continental Congress

3. The Second Continental Congress

4. Contents and significance of the Declaration of Independence

Section Three Founding of the American Constitution and the Washington Administration

The Constitutional Convention

The American Constitution

The Bill of Rights

Section Four America During the First Half of the 19th Century----an Era of Expansion

1.Contributions made by Thomas Jefferson

2.Causes and effects of the Second War with England

3.Causes and effects of the Mexican War

Section Five The Civil War

1. Conflicts arising from the slavery

Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation

Effects of the Civil War

Section Six The United States After the Civil War

Situation after the Civil War

Monopoly businesses

Social Reforms

The war with Spain

Section Seven America During and After World War I

America’s entry into the First World War

New Culture

The Lost Generation

The Great Depression

New Deal

Section Eight America During and After World War II

America’s entry into the War

Cold War

Beat Generation

Vietnam War

War against terrorism

四、參考書目：

《新編英美概況》，來(lái)安方，鄭州：河南人民出版社。

第二部分英美文學(xué)

一、考試目的：

考察學(xué)生英美文學(xué)基本理論、知識(shí)的掌握和對(duì)英美文學(xué)作品的分析能力。

二、考試要求：

1.掌握英美文學(xué)基本知識(shí)，包括英美文學(xué)流派、思潮、作家作品等。

2.具備根據(jù)所學(xué)的英美文學(xué)基本理論知識(shí)對(duì)特定選文的寫作風(fēng)格、思想內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行初步分析的能力。

三、考試題型和考試內(nèi)容：

考試題型：客觀試題與主觀試題相結(jié)合，包括術(shù)語(yǔ)概念解釋、填空、選擇、簡(jiǎn)答問(wèn)題、專題評(píng)論、實(shí)例分析等。

考試內(nèi)容：(供參考)

英美文學(xué)考試內(nèi)容包括英國(guó)文學(xué)和美國(guó)文學(xué)兩部分：

1.英國(guó)文學(xué)部分：

(1)早期和中古時(shí)期英國(guó)文學(xué)：了解古英語(yǔ)時(shí)期、盎格魯-薩克遜時(shí)期和諾曼底侵略后的英國(guó)文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的歷史、文化背景，理解該時(shí)期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的基本特征，掌握該時(shí)期重要的文學(xué)作品及喬叟的創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色和代表作品。

(2)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期英國(guó)文學(xué)：了解文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)和人文主義思潮及其產(chǎn)生的歷史、文化背景，理解該時(shí)期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的基本特征和基本主張，掌握該時(shí)期重要作家莎士比亞、培根、馬洛、斯賓塞等的文學(xué)生涯、創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及代表作品。

(3)十七世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)：了解保皇派作家、玄學(xué)派和清教徒作家的歷史背景、基本主張，掌握該時(shí)期重要作家彌爾頓、班揚(yáng)、約翰•鄧恩等的創(chuàng)作生涯、藝術(shù)特色及代表作品。

(4)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期英國(guó)文學(xué)：了解啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)、感傷主義和新古典主義文學(xué)流派及其產(chǎn)生的歷史背景、主要特征和基本主張，掌握該時(shí)期重要作家斯威夫特、笛福、蒲柏、菲爾丁等的創(chuàng)作生涯、藝術(shù)特色及代表作品。

(5)浪漫主義時(shí)期英國(guó)文學(xué)：了解浪漫主義文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的歷史、文化背景，理解該時(shí)期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的基本特征和基本主張，掌握該時(shí)期重要詩(shī)人彭斯、布菜克、華滋華斯、科勒律治、拜倫、雪菜、濟(jì)慈等的詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)風(fēng)格及代表詩(shī)作，小說(shuō)家斯各特、奧斯汀等的寫作特點(diǎn)，藝術(shù)特色及代表作品。

(6)維多利亞時(shí)期英國(guó)文學(xué)：了解19世紀(jì)英國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、歷史、文化背景，理解19世紀(jì)批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)在思想上的進(jìn)步和創(chuàng)作技巧上的改革，掌握該時(shí)代主要作家狄更斯、薩克雷、勃朗特姐妹等的藝術(shù)特色、創(chuàng)作思想及代表作品。

(7)二十世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)：了解20世紀(jì)英國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、歷史、文化背景及其對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)作品的影響，理解現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)的特色，掌握該時(shí)期主要代表作家哈代、蕭伯納、高爾斯華綏、勞倫斯、喬伊斯、伍爾夫等的藝術(shù)特色、創(chuàng)作思想及代表作品。

2.美國(guó)文學(xué)部分：

(1)殖民時(shí)期美國(guó)文學(xué)：了解美國(guó)殖民時(shí)期文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的歷史、文化背景，理解該時(shí)期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的基本特征，掌握該時(shí)期代表作家安妮•布拉德斯特里特、愛德華•泰勒、托馬斯•潘恩、本杰明•富蘭克林、喬納森•愛德華茲等的創(chuàng)作思想、寫作風(fēng)格及代表作品。

(2)浪漫主義時(shí)期美國(guó)文學(xué)：了解美國(guó)浪漫主義時(shí)期文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的歷史、文化背景，理解美國(guó)浪漫主義的定義、特點(diǎn)及其與英國(guó)、歐洲浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的異同，掌握該時(shí)期主要作家歐文、愛默生、霍桑、惠特曼、梅爾維爾等的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作生涯、創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及代表作品。

(3)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期美國(guó)文學(xué)：了解美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)和文化背景，理解地方特色主義和美國(guó)自然主義的特點(diǎn)，掌握該時(shí)期重要作家馬克•吐溫、亨利•詹姆斯、杰克•倫敦、西奧多•德萊塞等的文學(xué)生涯、創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品。

(4)20世紀(jì)20年代美國(guó)文學(xué)：了解20世紀(jì)20年代美國(guó)的歷史背景和社會(huì)思潮，掌握意象主義及以龐德為代表的意象派詩(shī)人的創(chuàng)作思想和詩(shī)歌特點(diǎn)，掌握“迷惘的一代”時(shí)期特點(diǎn)，以及代表作家菲茨杰拉德、海明威、艾略特等的創(chuàng)作生涯、藝術(shù)特色及代表作品分析，掌握南方文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期特點(diǎn)，及代表作家�？思{的創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)、寫作風(fēng)格及代表作品。

(5)20世紀(jì)30年代美國(guó)文學(xué)：了解20世紀(jì)30年代美國(guó)的歷史背景和社會(huì)思潮，掌握這一時(shí)期主要代表作家帕索斯、斯坦貝克、波特及主要?jiǎng)∽骷見W尼爾、米勒、威廉斯等的創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及代表作品。

(6)戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)文學(xué)：了解戰(zhàn)后詩(shī)歌流派、小說(shuō)特點(diǎn)及美國(guó)黑人文學(xué)，理解后現(xiàn)代主義、元小說(shuō)、自白派詩(shī)人、紐約派詩(shī)人、垮掉的一代、荒謬派等重要文學(xué)流派和術(shù)語(yǔ)，掌握該時(shí)期重要作家海勒、馮內(nèi)古特、厄普代克、貝婁、艾里森、莫里森、譚恩美等的創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及代表作品。

四、參考書目:

《美國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史》常耀信南開大學(xué)出版社

《英國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史》劉炳善上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社